Now we're ready to start distorting our beautiful images. But first, let's formally introduce the <g> element. With this helper, you can assign properties to a complete set of elements. Actually, that's its only purpose.

There are situations where basic shapes do not provide the flexibility you need to achieve a certain effect. Drop shadows, to provide a popular example, cannot be created reasonably with a combination of gradients. Filters are SVG's mechanism to create sophisticated effects.

The DataView view provides a low-level interface for reading and writing multiple number types in a binary ArrayBuffer, without having to care about the platform's endianness.

As an XML dialect, SVG is namespaced. It is important to understand the concept of namespaces and how they are used if you plan to author SVG content. Namespaces are essential to user agents that support multiple XML dialects; browsers must be very strict. Taking the time to understand namespaces now will save you from future headaches.

A closure is the combination of a function bundled together (enclosed) with references to its surrounding state (the lexical environment). In other words, a closure gives a function access to its outer scope. In JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created, at function creation time.

The RangeError object indicates an error when a value is not in the set or range of allowed values.

The <feDropShadow> SVG filter primitive creates a drop shadow of the input image. It can only be used inside a <filter> element.

The left shift (<<) operator returns a number or BigInt whose binary representation is the first operand shifted by the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded, and zero bits are shifted in from the right.

A fixed-size array, denoted `[T; N]`, for the element type, `T`, and the non-negative compile-time constant size, `N`.

The orient attribute indicates how a marker is rotated when it is placed at its position on the shape.