The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.,,,, Built-in Functions,,, A, abs(), aiter(), all(), a...

Author, Vinay Sajip <vinay_sajip at red-dove dot com>,. This page contains tutorial information. For links to reference information and a logging cookbook, please see Other resources. Basic Logging...

Source code: Lib/unittest/mock.py unittest.mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they hav...

Source code: Lib/traceback.py This module provides a standard interface to extract, format and print stack traces of Python programs. It is more flexible than the interpreter’s default traceback di...

A Python program is read by a parser. Input to the parser is a stream of tokens, generated by the lexical analyzer. This chapter describes how the lexical analyzer breaks a file into tokens. Python...

Objects, values and types: Objects are Python’s abstraction for data. All data in a Python program is represented by objects or by relations between objects. (In a sense, and in conformance to Von ...

Source code: Lib/pickle.py The pickle module implements binary protocols for serializing and de-serializing a Python object structure. “Pickling” is the process whereby a Python object hierarchy is...

Source code: Lib/tkinter/__init__.py The tkinter package (“Tk interface”) is the standard Python interface to the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and tkinter are available on most Unix platforms, inclu...

Source code: Lib/threading.py This module constructs higher-level threading interfaces on top of the lower level_thread module. CPython implementation detail: In CPython, due to the Global Interpre...

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