FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.28 [alpha](disabled by default) Kubernetes 1.35 includes an alpha feature that lets an API Server proxy resource requests to other peer API servers. It also lets clients get a holistic view of resources served across the entire cluster through discovery. This is useful when there are multiple API servers running different versions of Kubernetes in one cluster (for example, during a long-lived rollout to a new release of Kubernetes).

An overview of the key components that make up a Kubernetes cluster.

The kubectl command-line tool supports several different ways to create and manage Kubernetes objects. This document provides an overview of the different approaches. Read the Kubectl book for details of managing objects by Kubectl. Management techniques Warning:A Kubernetes object should be managed using only one technique. Mixing and matching techniques for the same object results in undefined behavior. Management technique Operates on Recommended environment Supported writers Learning curve Imperative commands Live objects Development projects 1+ Lowest Imperative object configuration Individual files Production projects 1 Moderate Declarative object configuration Directories of files Production projects 1+ Highest Imperative commands When using imperative commands, a user operates directly on live objects in a cluster.

Kubernetes is designed with self-healing capabilities that help maintain the health and availability of workloads. It automatically replaces failed containers, reschedules workloads when nodes become unavailable, and ensures that the desired state of the system is maintained. Self-Healing capabilities Container-level restarts: If a container inside a Pod fails, Kubernetes restarts it based on the restartPolicy. Replica replacement: If a Pod in a Deployment or StatefulSet fails, Kubernetes creates a replacement Pod to maintain the specified number of replicas.

This page explains two different approaches to setting up a highly available Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm: With stacked control plane nodes. This approach requires less infrastructure. The etcd members and control plane nodes are co-located. With an external etcd cluster. This approach requires more infrastructure. The control plane nodes and etcd members are separated. Before proceeding, you should carefully consider which approach best meets the needs of your applications and environment.

Production-Grade Container Orchestration

Objectives Perform a rolling update using kubectl. Updating an application Rolling updates allow Deployments' update to take place with zero downtime by incrementally updating Pods instances with new ones. Users expect applications to be available all the time, and developers are expected to deploy new versions of them several times a day. In Kubernetes this is done with rolling updates. A rolling update allows a Deployment update to take place with zero downtime.

This tutorial shows you how to build and deploy a simple (not production ready), multi-tier web application using Kubernetes and Docker. This example consists of the following components: A single-instance Redis to store guestbook entries Multiple web frontend instances Objectives Start up a Redis leader. Start up two Redis followers. Start up the guestbook frontend. Expose and view the Frontend Service. Clean up. Before you begin You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster.

This tutorial provides an introduction to managing applications with StatefulSets. It demonstrates how to create, delete, scale, and update the Pods of StatefulSets. Before you begin Before you begin this tutorial, you should familiarize yourself with the following Kubernetes concepts: Pods Cluster DNS Headless Services PersistentVolumes PersistentVolumes Provisioning The kubectl command line tool You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster.

This page shows how to create a Kubernetes Service object that exposes an external IP address. Before you begin Install kubectl. Use a cloud provider like Google Kubernetes Engine or Amazon Web Services to create a Kubernetes cluster. This tutorial creates an external load balancer, which requires a cloud provider. Configure kubectl to communicate with your Kubernetes API server. For instructions, see the documentation for your cloud provider. Objectives Run five instances of a Hello World application.